Metrô de SP tem uma das menores malhas do mundo

Não sei se é de obra, não.

Não sei se é de obra, não. Entendo que seja de unidades de serviço/produto, mas não é minha área, então me resta copiar a definição alheia. Por falta de material em português:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale

“In microeconomics, economies of scale are the cost advantages that enterprises obtain due to size, output, or scale of operation, with cost per unit of output generally decreasing with increasing scale as fixed costs are spread out over more units of output.”

http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000297&edition=current&q=scale&topicid=&result_number=1

“If output grows faster than inputs, holding technology constant, the production function exhibits increasing returns to scale. Increasing returns in the aggregate production function may be due to overhead (fixed) costs, diminishing marginal cost, positive spillovers from aggregate activity, the entry of new varieties of inputs or changes in the distribution of inputs across heterogeneous firms. Each channel has significant implications for models of growth, trade and business cycles. Returns to scale are hard to estimate and even difficult to define, since the definition may depend on the degree of aggregation and the time horizon under study.”

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Economies Of Scale

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DEFINITION OF ‘ECONOMIES OF SCALE’

The cost advantage that arises with increased output of a product. Economies of scale arise because of the inverse relationship between the quantity produced and per-unit fixed costs; i.e. the greater the quantity of a good produced, the lower the per-unit fixed cost because these costs are shared over a larger number of goods. Economies of scale may also reduce variable costs per unit because of operational efficiencies and synergies. Economies of scale can be classified into two main types: Internal – arising from within the company; and External – arising from extraneous factors such as industry size.

Read more: Economies Of Scale Definition | Investopedia http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economiesofscale.asp#ixzz3kYBNUhHE 
 

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http://www.economist.com/node/12446567

Economies of scale

Economies of scale are factors that cause the average cost of producing something to fall as the volume of its output increases. Hence it might cost $3,000 to produce 100 copies of a magazine but only $4,000 to produce 1,000 copies. The average cost in this case has fallen from $30 to $4 a copy because the main elements of cost in producing a magazine (editorial and design) are unrelated to the number of magazines produced.

Economies of scale were the main drivers of corporate gigantism in the 20th century. They were fundamental to Henry Ford’s revolutionary assembly line, and they continue to be the spur to many mergers and acquisitions today.